Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

促进绿色未来的全球木材科学与技术研究进展——国际林联第25届世界大会木材议题综述

国际林业研究组织联盟（IUFRO）第25届世界大会于2019年在巴西召开。文中从木材生长、木材性质与质量、木材识别、木材加工利用和木文化5个方面分别论述了这次大会在木材科学与技术领域的国际最新研究热点与进展，以反映全球木材科学的研究现状，并梳理学科发展方向。木材形成、木材质量、木材高附加值利用、木材识别新技术等议题依然是木材科学与技术领域的未来研究热点。     

食品中矮壮素与缩节胺的形成及其检测方法研究进展

植物生长调节剂是一种特殊的含有植物激素活性的农药,能够起到改善农作物质量和控制植物生长的作用,近年来植物生长调节剂的毒性及其残留危害吸引了众多研究人员的关注。其中,矮壮素(CHLM)和缩节胺(MEP)作为常用的2种植物生长调节剂,其使用不当和残留危害所引起的食品安全问题并没有引起足够的重视。最近的研究工作将CHLM和MEP确立为大麦麦芽烘烤过程的副产品,而用于研究的大麦属于生态类型,经验证不含任何植物生长调节剂。由此可知,CHLM和MEP是由食品中的天然成分经过热加工处理后形成的化合物。CHLM和MEP作为新的食品加工污染物已成为食品安全问题的研究热点。对CHLM、MEP在食品中的形成进行了综述,并对其检测技术进行总结,以期为CHLM和MEP的研究提供参考。     

麦油稻轮作秸秆还田与施氮对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

以宜香优2115为材料,采用二因素裂区设计:主区设小麦或油菜秸秆全量翻埋还田(M_1)和秸秆不还田对照(M_0);副区设4个氮肥管理,不施氮(N_0),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为10∶0∶0∶0(N_1),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2(N_2),基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为2∶2∶3∶3(N_3),研究秸秆还田和氮肥管理对直播稻的光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:麦–稻或油–稻轮作下,氮肥管理对直播稻主要生育时期的干物质积累、光合特性及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,秸秆还田显著影响水稻拔节期、齐穗期的叶面积指数(LAI)及群体干物质积累,同时油–稻轮作下其调控效应高于麦–稻轮作模式。秸秆不还田时,配合N_3施肥方式,可有效提高直播稻结实期剑叶净光合速率、SPAD值和叶面积指数,延缓叶片衰老,且在拔节期至成熟期间保持较高的群体生长率,干物质积累优势明显;秸秆还田下,配以基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2的管理模式,麦茬或油茬直播稻群体构建合理,结实期剑叶光合能力强,有效穗、每穗粒数较多,表现高产,产量最高可达10 090、10 693 kg/hm~2。综合分析,麦–稻或油–稻轮作下秸秆还田,配合基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥氮肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2的氮肥管理模式,能实现直播稻的高产稳产。     

精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础与研究维度述评

党的十八大以来，学术界围绕精准扶贫理论与实践的研究，成果丰硕。精准扶贫理论来源和其形成背景，构成了精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础。梳理关于精准扶贫的相关研究，可以归纳出精准扶贫的概念界定和内涵特征、实践模式和路径、精准扶贫实施过程中的问题等研究维度。考察学术界现有研究发现，研究中缺乏互动式辩论，实证性研究较少等，针对这些问题进行深化研究有助于在我国扶贫工作的冲刺期构建更有针对性的扶贫机制。     

Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

外源蔗糖对离体条件下换锦花小鳞茎发生的影响

从形态学、组织细胞学、生理生化水平、分子水平等多层面探究外源蔗糖浓度对换锦花（Lycoris sprengeri）离体小鳞茎发生的影响。结果表明，MS培养基中外源蔗糖缺失时，离体换锦花鳞茎无法产生小鳞茎，蔗糖浓度为30 或60 g ? L-1时小鳞茎正常发生，但对小鳞茎发生数量影响不大。鳞片内的蔗糖及可溶性糖含量在腋芽形成前不断积累，且鳞片基部淀粉粒的积累为此处小鳞茎的发生提供物质基础。蔗糖促进了茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）在植物体内的积累，抑制了LsWIP1、LsERS2和LsEIN2基因表达量的异常上升，表明蔗糖可能作为信号分子启动了相关损伤保护机制，并促进了小鳞茎的发生。     

MITFa及TYR基因在红色锦鲤体色发生不同阶段的表达分析

本研究描述了红色锦鲤从出膜到体色形成的过程,总结和归纳不同发育阶段体色变化异同点,筛选出6个体色变化较显著时期,分别为1、2、3、4、12、48日龄。利用荧光定量PCR分析MITFa及TYR基因在红色锦鲤6个体色变化时期的表达情况。结果显示,MITFa基因在1日龄时表达量最高,显著高于48日龄时(P0.05),极显著高于其他4个时期(P0.01)。48日龄时表达量次之,亦极显著高于2、3、4、12日龄4个时期(P0.01)。2、3、4、12日龄4个时期MITFa基因表达量较低且不存在显著差异(P0.05)。TYR基因在1日龄时表达量最高(P0.01),4日龄时表达量显著高于12、48日龄(P0.05),与2、3日龄不存在显著差异(P0.05)。TYR基因表达量在2、3、12、48日龄4个时期差异不显著(P0.05)。MITFa和TYR基因在红色锦鲤体色形成过程中,表达水平整体呈现降低的趋势,其中MITFa基因表达量表现为先降后升,TYR基因则先降后升再降。以上结果显示MITFa、TYR基因与锦鲤体色形成具有一定相关性,但MITFa和TYR基因在体色发生中的相互作用还有待进一步研究证实。     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

环状RNA及其在生殖发育中的研究进展

环状RNA（circular RNA，circ-RNA）是一类由初始转录RNA反向剪接，形成的闭合环状RNA分子，广泛存在于真核细胞中。因不受RNA外切酶切割，所以稳定存在时间长。主要通过海绵吸附作用竞争性结合miRNA调节基因表达。circ-RNA分子鉴定及其生理调控作用成为近几年生命科学领域的研究热点，本文从circ-RNA的生成过程、在早期胚胎发育调控以及配子发育过程中的数量和作用等方面进行了综述。